Appendicitis is a condition where the appendix becomes inflamed. This causes a rupture and may result in peritonitis and sepsis. If left untreated, appendicitis could result in the bursting of your appendix, which could cause bacteria to enter your abdominal cavity. There are 2 types of appendicitis. Acute appendicitis occurs as a severe and sudden case of the disease. Pain intensifies quickly within 24 hours. More males develop acute appendicitis as compared to females. Chronic appendicitis, which is less common compared to the former, has mild symptoms and usually occurs after a case of acute appendicitis.
Demonstrate use of relaxation skills and diversional activities, as indicated, for individual situations.
Nursing interventions
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE
Assess pain, noting location, characteristics, severity (0–10 scale). Investigate and report changes in pain as appropriate.
Useful in monitoring effectiveness of medication, progression of healing. Changes in characteristics of pain may indicate developing abscess or peritonitis, requiring prompt medical evaluation and intervention.
Provide accurate, honest information to the patient and SO.
Being informed about progress of situation provides emotional support, helping to decrease anxiety
Keep at rest in semi-Fowler’s position.
To lessen the pain. Gravity localizes inflammatory exudate into the lower abdomen or pelvis, relieving abdominal tension, which is accentuated by supine position.
Encourage early ambulation.
Promotes normalization of organ function (stimulates peristalsis and passing of flatus, reducing abdominal discomfort).
Provide diversional activities
Refocuses attention, promotes relaxation, and may enhance coping abilities.
Keep NPO and maintain NG suction initially.
Decreases discomfort of early intestinal peristalsis, gastric irritation and vomiting.
Administer analgesics as indicated.
Relief of pain facilitates cooperation with other therapeutic interventions (ambulation, pulmonary toilet).
Place an ice bag on the abdomen periodically during the initial 24–48 hr, as appropriate.
Soothes and relieves pain through desensitization of nerve endings. Note: Do not use heat, because it may cause tissue congestion.
Never apply heat to the right lower abdomen.
This may cause the appendix to rupture.
Watch closely for possible surgical complications.
Hypermetabolic state (e.g., fever, healing process)
Inflammation of peritoneum with sequestration of fluid
Desired outcomes
Hydration (NOC)
Maintain adequate fluid balance as evidenced by moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, stable vital signs, and individually adequate urinary output.
Nursing interventions
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE
Monitor BP and pulse.
Variations help identify fluctuating intravascular volumes
Inspect mucous membranes; assess skin turgor and capillary refill.
Indicators of adequacy of peripheral circulation and cellular hydration.
Monitor I&O; note urine color and concentration, specific gravity.
Decreasing output of concentrated urine with increasing specific gravity suggests dehydration and need for increased fluids.
Auscultate and document bowel sounds. Note passing of flatus, bowel movement.
Indicators of return of peristalsis, readiness to begin oral intake. Note: This may not occur in the hospital if the patient has had a laparoscopic procedure and been discharged in less than 24 hr.
Provide clear liquids in small amounts when oral intake is resumed, and progress diet as tolerated.
Reduces risk of gastric irritation and vomiting to minimize fluid loss.
Give frequent mouth care with special attention to protection of the lips.
Dehydration results in drying and painful cracking of the lips and mouth.
Maintain gastric and intestinal suction, as indicated.
An NG tube may be inserted preoperatively and maintained in the immediate postoperative phase to decompress the bowel, promote intestinal rest, and prevent vomiting.
Administer IV fluids and electrolytes.
The peritoneum reacts to irritation and infection by producing large amounts of intestinal fluid, possibly reducing the circulating blood volume, resulting in dehydration and relative electrolyte imbalances.
Never administer cathartics or enemas.
Cathartics and enemas may rupture the appendix.
Give the patient nothing by mouth, and administer analgesics judiciously.
This may mask symptoms.
Risk for infection
Risk factors may include
Inadequate primary defenses; perforation/rupture of the appendix; peritonitis; abscess formation
Invasive procedures, surgical incision
Desired outcomes
Achieve timely wound healing; free of signs of infection/inflammation, purulent drainage, erythema, and fever.
Nursing priorities
Prevent complications.
Promote comfort.
Provide information about surgical procedure/prognosis, treatment needs, and potential complications.
Discharge goals
Complications prevented/minimized.
Pain alleviated/controlled.
Surgical procedure/prognosis, therapeutic regimen, and possible complications understood.
Plan in place to meet needs after discharge.
Nursing interventions
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE
Practice and instruct in good hand washing and aseptic wound care. Encourage and provide perineal care.
Reduces risk of spread of bacteria.
Inspect incision and dressings. Note characteristics of drainage from wound (if inserted), presence of erythema.
Provides for early detection of developing infectious processes and monitors resolution of preexisting peritonitis.
Monitor vital signs. Note onset of fever, chills, diaphoresis, changes in mentation, reports of increasing abdominal pain.
Suggestive of presence of infection or developing sepsis, abscess, peritonitis.
Obtain drainage specimens if indicated.
Gram’s stain, culture, and sensitivity testing is useful in identifying causative organisms and choice of therapy.
Administer antibiotics as appropriate.
Antibiotics given before appendectomy are primarily for prophylaxis of wound infection and are not continued postoperatively. Therapeutic antibiotics are administered if the appendix is ruptured or abscess or peritonitis has developed.
Prepare and assist with incision and drainage (I&D) if indicated.
May be necessary to drain contents of localized abscess.
Watch closely for possible surgical complications.
Communicates to the patient that some control can be exercised over care.
Support participation in self-care and give positive feedback for efforts.
Continuing pain and fever may signal an abscess.
Deficient knowledge
May be related to
Lack of exposure/recall; information misinterpretation
Unfamiliarity with information resources
Possibly evidenced by
Questions; request for information; verbalization of problem/concerns
Statement of misconception
Inaccurate follow-through of instruction
Development of preventable complications
Desired outcomes
Verbalize understanding of disease processes and potential complications.
Verbalize understanding of therapeutic needs.
Participate in a treatment regimen.
Nursing interventions
INTERVENTION
RATIONALE
Identify symptoms requiring medical evaluation (increasing pain; edema or erythema of wound; presence of drainage, fever).
Provides information for the patient to plan for return to usual routines without untoward incidents.
Encourage progressive activities as tolerated with periodic rest periods.
Prevents fatigue, promotes healing and feeling of well-being, and facilitates resumption of normal activities.
Recommend use of mild laxative or stool softeners as necessary and avoidance of enemas.
Assists with return to usual bowel function; prevents undue straining for defecation.
Discuss care of incision, including dressing changes, bathing restrictions, and return to physician for suture and staple removal.
Understanding promotes cooperation with therapeutic regimen, enhancing healing and recovery processes.
Encourage the patient to cough, breathe deeply, and turn frequently.
To prevent pulmonary complication
Nursing Notes
Risk factors
Obstruction by fecalith or foreign bodies, bacteria or toxins.
Low-fiber diet
High intake of refined carbohydrates
Signs & symptoms/assessment
Pain in the periumbilical area that descends to the right lower quadrant.
Abdominal pain that is most intense at McBurney’s point
Rebound tenderness and abdominal rigidity
Low-grade fever
Elevated white blood cell count
Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
Client in side-lying position, with abdominal guarding and legs flexed
Constipation or diarrhea
Diagnostic evaluation
Diagnosis is based on a complete physical examination and laboratory and radiologic tests.
Leukocyte count greater than 10,000/mm 3, neutrophil count greater than 75%; abdominal radiographs, ultrasound studies, and CT scans may reveal right lower quadrant density or localized distention of the bowel.
Primary Nursing Diagnosis
Primary preoperative nursing diagnosis
Pain (acute) related to inflammation
Primary postoperative nursing diagnosis
Risk for infection related to the surgical incision
Other diagnoses that may occur in nursing care plans for appendicitis
Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements
Impaired skin integrity
Ineffective tissue perfusion: GI
Risk for deficient fluid volume
Risk for injury
Medical management
An appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix) is the preferred method of management for acute appendicitis if the inflammation is localized. An open appendectomy is completed with a transverse right lower quadrant incision, usually at the McBurney point. A laparoscopic appendectomy may be used in females of childbearing age, those in whom the diagnosis is in question, and for obese patients. If the appendix has ruptured and there is evidence of peritonitis or an abscess, conservative treatment consisting of antibiotics and intravenous (IV) fluids is given 6 to 8 hours prior to an appendectomy. Generally, an appendectomy is performed within 24 to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms under either general or spinal anesthesia. Preoperative management includes IV hydration, antipyretics, antibiotics, and, after definitive diagnosis, analgesics.
Appendectomy (surgical removal of the appendix)
Complications of appendectomy
The major complication is perforation of the appendix, which can lead to peritonitis or an abscess.
Perforation generally occurs 24 hours after onset of pain, symptoms include fever (37.7°C [100° F] or greater), toxic appearance, and continued pain and tenderness.
Pharmacologic intervention
Crystalloid intravenous fluids an isotonic solutions such as normal saline solution or lactated Ringer’s solution 100–500 mL/hr of IV, depending on volume state of the patient, is used to replaces fluids and electrolytes lost through fever and vomiting; replacement continues until urine output is 1 cc/kg of body weight and electrolytes are replaced
Antibiotics (broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage) to control local and systemic infection and reduces the incidence of postoperative wound infection
Other Drugs: Analgesics.
Nursing intervention
Preoperative interventions
Maintain NPO status.
Administer fluids intravenously to prevent dehydration.
Monitor for changes in level of pain.
Monitor for signs of ruptured appendix and peritonitis
Position right-side lying or low to semi fowler position to promote comfort.
Monitor bowel sounds.
Apply ice packs to the abdomen every hour for 20-30 minutes as prescribed.
Administer antibiotics as prescribed
Avoid the application of heat in the abdomen.
Avoid laxatives or enema.
Postoperative interventions
Monitor temperature for signs of infection.
Assess incision for signs of infection such as redness, swelling and pain.
Maintain NPO status until bowel function has returned.
Advance diet gradually or as tolerated or as prescribed when bowel sound returns.
If ruptures of appendix occurred, expect a Penros drain to be inserted, or the incision may be left to heal inside out.
Expect that drainage from the Penros drain may be profuse for the first 2 hours.
Documentation guidelines
Location, intensity, frequency, and duration of pain
Response to pain medication, ice applications, and position changes
Patient’s ability to ambulate and tolerate food
Appearance of abdominal incision (color, temperature, intactness, drainage)
Discharge and Home Healthcare Guidelines
Medications
Be sure the patient understands any pain medication prescribed, including doses, route, action, and side effects. Make certain the patient understands that he or she should avoid operating a motor vehicle or heavy machinery while taking such medication.
Incision
Sutures are generally removed in the physician’s office in 5 to 7 days. Explain the need to keep the surgical wound clean and dry. Teach the patient to observe the wound and report to the physician any increased swelling, redness, drainage, odor, or separation of the wound edges. Also instruct the patient to notify the doctor if a fever develops. The patient needs to know these may be symptoms of wound infection. Explain that the patient should avoid heavy lifting and should question the physician about when lifting can be resumed.
Complications
Instruct the patient that a possible complication of appendicitis is peritonitis. Discuss with the patient symptoms that indicate peritonitis, including sharp abdominal pains, fever, nausea and vomiting, and increased pulse and respiration. The patient must know to seek medical attention immediately should these symptoms occur.
Nutrition
Instruct the patient that diet can be advanced to her or his normal food pattern as long as no gastrointestinal distress is experienced.
